According to geological division of Iran, quotation of Nabavi the researched area is located in the part of central Alborz in the zone of Alborz-Azarbaijan. Base on country division this area is considered as dependencies of Noor in Mazandaran province. The researched area has 2 km2 extent. This area is located in the eastern corner 1:100000 of Marzan Abad and the coordinates of it is 51o27’6’ eastern length and 36o14’49’ north width.Deserts evidence and microscope investigation demonstrate the presence of one vein deposit sulphide with the hostess of carbonate.Just as the study of sections shows copper is considered as one of the important element in these veins that are shown in the form of sulphide and it is visible by chalcopyrite. As the analysis of ICP-OES copper element is realized more than back ground and shows the importance of it in this area.According to correlation coefficient the result shows that Cu principle as one of the important principle of mine has high correlation with Zn, As, Cd, Sb, S and U, Rb principles and in some extent Mo, Pb, Sn don't have any correlation with none of principles.

Kourcheshmeh Pb-Zn-Cu deposit is located 40 km southwest of Takestan (Qazvin province) and west of the Mardabad-Bouinzahra volcanic belt. The MINERALIZATION occurred as Pb-Zn-Cu-bearing quartz veins hosted by early-middle Eocene tuff and lava strata and show a close spatial relationship with the middle Eocene pyroxene quartz monzodiorite body. The main ore vein ranges from 70 to 200 meters long, and 0.5 to 2 meters thick. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and tennantite-tetrahedrite, accompanied by minor pyrolusite and psilomelane, are the main ore minerals; quartz, calcite, siderite, barite, and sericite-illite are gangue minerals. Goethite, cerussite, smithsonite, malachite, and covellite are formed by supergene processes. The ore minerals formed as disseminated, vein-veinlets, brecciated, comb, crustiform, colloform, plumose, and vug infill textures. Six stages of MINERALIZATION can be distinguished at Kourcheshmeh, where Pb-Zn-Cu MINERALIZATION occurred as quartz-pyrite-chalcopyrite-galena-sphalerite ± tennantite-tetrahedrite veins and breccias in the second stage. Wall-rock alteration comprises silicification, intermediate argillic, carbonate, and propylitic alteration. Chondrite–normalized trace elements and REE patterns of ore samples, pyroxene quartz monzodiorite body, and fresh host acidic crystal tuff are comparable. This specifies that alteration and leaching of elements from the host volcanic rocks are involved in MINERALIZATION. Features of the Kourcheshmeh Pb-Zn-Cu deposit are similar to the intermediate-sulfidation type of epithermal deposits. IntroductionThe Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc is a significant METALliferous province in Iran that hosts numerous Cu-Mo (Au) porphyry deposits (i.e., Sar Cheshmeh, Meiduk, Darreh-Zar, Chah-Firouzeh, Sarkuh, Iju, Aliabad, Kahang, and Dalli; McInnes et al., 2003; Zarasvandi et al., 2005; Taghipour et al., 2008; Ayati et al., 2013; Mirnejad et al., 2013; Aghazadeh et al., 2015; Alirezaei et al., 2017; Mohammaddoost et al., 2017; Golestani et al., 2018; Aliyari et al., 2020; Shafiei Bafti et al., 2022; Mohammaddoost et al., 2023) and epithermal precious and base METAL (e.g., Sari Gunay, Touzlar, Chah Zard, Ay Qalasi, Milajerd, Chah-Mesi, and Govin; Richards et al., 2006; Kouhestani et al., 2012; Heidari et al., 2015; Kouhestani et al., 2015; Mohammadi Niaei et al., 2015; Kouhestani et al., 2017; Alipour-Asll, 2019; Zamanian et al., 2020; Altenberger et al., 2022) deposits. The Mardabad-Bouinzahra volcanic belt is located on the northern margin of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. This volcanic belt hosts several Manto-type Cu, and epithermal Au and Pb-Zn-Cu polyMETALlic deposits/occurrences like as Atash-Anbar, Lak, Deh-Bala, Ipak, Kuh-e Jarou, Rudak, Ghomoshlou, Ghomoshdash, Qezel-Ahmad, Bidestan, Afshar-Abad, Boujafar, Guilan-Darreh, Ramand, Hajib, Chalambar, and Kourcheshmeh (Habibi, 2007; Goodarzi, 2012; Ebrahimi, 2016; Yousefi et al., 2017; Tale Fazel et al., 2022a; Tale Fazel et al., 2022b; Khanahmadlou, 2023). Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks generally host these deposits and are temporally/spatially associated with middle Eocene intrusions (Kazemi et al., 2022).Kourcheshmeh Pb-Zn-Cu deposit is 40 km southwest of Takestan, Qazvin province, and part of the Mardabad-Bouinzahra volcanic belt. Despite the presence of ancient and new mining activities in the Kourcheshmeh area, no comprehensive studies have been conducted on the geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of the Kourcheshmeh deposit. In this contribution, we investigate the detailed geology, mineralogy, structure and texture, geochemistry, and alteration styles of the Kourcheshmeh deposit to constrain its ore genesis and MINERALIZATION evolution. These outcomes might be useful for the regional exploration of epithermal base and precious METAL deposits in the Mardabad-Bouinzahra volcanic belt and other parts of the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. Materials and MethodsDuring the fieldwork conducted on the Kourcheshmeh deposit, the following activities were carried out:- Preparation of a geological map, scale 1:5000, of the Kourcheshmeh deposit.- Collect approximately fifty samples from rock units, ore veins, and breccias.- Examination of seven thin sections and eighteen polished thin sections using a transmitted and reflected polarized light microscope in the University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran, laboratory.- Analysis of the chemical composition of ore samples (n = 28) and fresh and barren host rocks (n = 2) at the Zarazma Analytical Laboratories, Tehran, Iran, using XRF and ICP–MS methods. Results and DiscussionThe rock units outcropped in the Kourcheshmeh deposit comprise the Fajan Formation (conglomerate), Zyarat Formation (nummulitic limestone), Eocene volcanic (basalt, andesitic basalt, basaltic andesite, and megaporphyritic andesite) and volcaniclastic (intermediate crystal lithic tuff, and acidic crystal to lithic crystal tuff) strata, and Eocene-Oligocene (dacite, rhyodacite, rhyolite, and acidic tuff) sequence. The intrusive rock in the Kourcheshmeh area includes the middle Eocene (Kazemi et al., 2022) pyroxene quartz monzodiorite that cut the Eocene volcanic sequences. MINERALIZATION at Kourcheshmeh occurred as Pb-Zn-Cu-bearing quartz veins within the Eocene tuff and lava sequence and is covered by a 3 m thickness of intermediate argillic alteration. The main ore vein has an N100E/70-80NE trend, 70 to 200 meters long, and 0.5 to 2 meters thick. Hydrothermal alteration includes silicification, intermediate argillic, carbonate, and propylitic alteration; the first three are directly linked to base METAL MINERALIZATION. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, tennantite-tetrahedrite, minor pyrolusite, and psilomelane, are the main ore minerals at Kourcheshmeh. Quartz, calcite, siderite, barite, and sericite-illite are gangue minerals. Goethite, cerussite, smithsonite, malachite, and covellite are formed by supergene processes. The ore minerals formed as disseminated, vein-veinlets, brecciated, comb, crustiform, colloform, plumose, and vug-infill textures. The MINERALIZATION processes at the Kourcheshmeh deposit can be divided into six stages, as follows:Stage 1: Silicification of host rocks with negligible disseminated pyrite.Stage 2: Quartz vein-veinlets and breccias that comprise mutable volumes of disseminated pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and minor tennantite-tetrahedrite. This stage is where Pb-Zn-Cu MINERALIZATION occurs.Stage 3: Barite vein-veinlets.Stage 4: Carbonate (calcite and siderite) and minor manganese ores (psilomelane, pyrolusite, braunite) as veinlets and vug-infill.Stage 5: Barren post-ore stage represented by calcite vein-veinlets.Stage 6: Supergene processesThe Chondrite–normalized trace elements and REE patterns of ore samples, pyroxene quartz monzodiorite body, and fresh host acidic crystal tuff are comparable and show that host rocks are possibly engaged in MINERALIZATION. These patterns are almost similar for different ore samples, which can indicate the same MINERALIZATION system formed them. Characteristics of the Kourcheshmeh Pb-Zn-Cu deposit are similar to the intermediate-sulfidation type of epithermal deposits.

Gomish-Tappeh Zn-Pb-Cu (Ag) deposit is located in northwestern part of Urumieh-Dokhtar volcano-plutonic zone, 90 km southwest of Zanjan. Exposed rocks at the area include Oligo-Miocene volcano-sedimentary and sedimentary sequences as well as Pliocene dacitic subvolcanic dome, rhyodacitic volcanics and andesite porphyry dykes. The main MINERALIZATION at Gomish-Tappeh deposit has occurred in a steeply deeping normal fault and fracture system defined by NE-SW trend in three stages including hydrothermal breccias, silicic-sulfidic, silicic-sulfidic-carbonate veins and veinlets and late banded veins (rich in silica and specularite). Host rocks to MINERALIZATION include dacitic crystal lithic tuff, dacitic subvolcanic dome, and specifically acidic tuff. Paragenetic minerals at the deposit consist of pyrite, arsenopyrite, chalcopyrite, bornite, galena, low-Fe sphalerite, tetrahedrite, tennantite and specularite. The main alteration types at the area are silicic, silicic-sulfidic, sericitic, carbonate, argillic and propylitic. Based on element distribution and frequency patterns in the ore samples, among base METALs, Zn, Pb, Cu and Ag show the highest concentrations. Average grades in the ore veins at Gomish-Tappeh deposit are: 6% Zn, 4% Pb, 2% Cu, 88 ppm Ag and 44 ppb Au. Fluid inclusion microthermometric studies on quartz crystals of the first and second stages of MINERALIZATION indicate homogenization temperatures of 260-367 °C, salinities of 9.1-16.9 wt% NaCl equiv., and approximate MINERALIZATION depth of 956 m below the paleowater table. Considering high salinity fluids and base METAL contents, it is likely that base METALs and silver were transported by chloride complexes. Fluid inclusion studies, hydrothermal breccias, banded-colloform-crustiform textures and amorphous silica indicate that boiling is the main factor for instability of the complexes and eventually, ore deposition.

Arpachay Pb-Zn-Cu MINERALIZATION occurrence is located in the Takab-Angouran-Takht-e-Soleyman METALlogenic zone, 60 km north of Takab. Rock units exposed in the area consist of Oligo-Miocene volcanic, volcano-sedimentary and sedimentary units which are intruded by gabbroic and granodioritic plutons. MINERALIZATION occurs as ore-bearing quartz veins hosted by gabbroic pluton in this area. The gabbro shows hetero-granoular texture consisting of plagioclase and clinopyroxene phynocrysts. Geochemical data indicate a calc-alkaline affinity for the gabbroic rocks, associated with active continental margin. These data demonstrate contamination of the parental magma with crustal materials. Based on microscopic studies, ore minerals include galena, sphalerite, chalcopyrite with minor pyrite, and quartz and calcite are present as gangue minerals in the Arpachy occurrence. The ore minerals show vein-veinlets, disseminated, breccia, open space filling, box-work, plumose, cockade and replacement textures. Hydrothermal alteration is restricted to the silicified, sericitic-argillitic and carbonatic altered parts of the ore zones., Alteration occurs as sericitization and calcitization-chloritization (propylitic alteration) of host gabbro. Four stages of MINERALIZATION can be distinguished at the Arpachy occurrence. These stages are progressed from brecciation and silicification of host rocks (stage 1) to quartz-chalcopyrite-pyrite‒cemented veins and breccias (stage 2), quartz-galena-sphalerite veins and veinlets (stage 4) and finally individual or sets of late barren quartz-carbonate veins and veinlets (stage 4) in the outer parts of the MINERALIZATION zones. REE pattern of the host rocks and the mineralized samples indicate that mineralized samples are depleted in REE. This signature may indicate high water/rock interaction at Arpachay. Geological, mineralogical and textural characteristics of Arpachay occurrence are comparable with intermediate-sulfidation style of epithermal base METAL deposits.

Precious and base METAL MINERALIZATION in the Qebchaq deposit occurred as brecciated quartz-sulfide veins within the Eocene tuff and lava strata, and the Oligocene quartz diorite-gabbro intrusion. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, and gold along with minor realgar, psilomelane, and pyrolusite, are ore minerals; quartz, sericite, chlorite and calcite are gangue minerals. The ore minerals show disseminated, vein-veinlet, brecciated, comb, cockade, colloform, crustiform, plumose, and vug infill textures. Five stages of MINERALIZATION can be distinguished at Qebchaq. Stage 1 is represented by silicification of host rocks along with minor disseminated pyrite. Stage 2 is characterized by quartz veins and breccias that contain variable amounts of disseminated pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite ± native gold ± realgar. Stage 3 is marked by quartz-manganese oxides-hydroxides (psilomelane, pyrolusite, braunite) veins and hydrothermal breccia cements. Stage 4 is represented by quartz (calcite-chlorite) vein-veinlets, and stage 5 is characterized by calcite as veinlets and vug infill texture. Wall-rock alterations include silicification, intermediate argillic, carbonate, chlorite and propylitic alteration. Chondrite–normalized trace elements and REE patterns of the mineralized samples and the host rocks are similar and indicate that host rocks are probably involved in MINERALIZATION. Characteristics of Qebchaq deposit are comparable with intermediate-sulfidation type of epithermal deposits. IntroductionQebchaq base and precious METAL deposit, 15 km northwest of Qarachaman, is located in the Western Alborz–Azerbaijan zone, northwestern Iran. Several types of deposits are present in this zone including porphyry and skarn Cu-Mo (Au) porphyry deposits, Cu-Mo and Fe skarn deposits, Cu-Mo-Au vein deposits, and epithermal Au deposits (Jamali et al., 2010; Kouhestani et al., 2018). The most important deposit discovered to date within the Western Alborz–Azerbaijan zone is the Sungun porphyry Cu-Mo deposit, which has a defined reserve of 796 Mt at 0.6% Cu (Hezarkhani and Williams-Jones, 1998; Aghazadeh et al., 2015; Simmonds et al., 2017). Other important deposits or occurrences include Haft-Cheshmeh, Sonajil, Ali Javad, Mirkuh-e-Ali Mirza, Astergan, Avan, Anjerd, Mazraeh, Astamal, Pahnavar, Masjed Daghi, Sharafabad, Mivehroud, Nabijan, Zaglig, Aniq, Zaily Darreh, Qara Darreh and Qarachilar (Ebrahimi et al., 2011; Jamali et al., 2010; Mokhtari, 2012; Maghsoudi et al., 2014; Mokhtari et al., 2014; Adeli et al., 2015; Baghban et al., 2015; Baghban et al., 2016; Simmonds and Moazzen, 2015; Kouhestani et al., 2018).Although geological general characteristics of the location of the Qebchaq deposit have been determined (Asadian et al., 1993), no detailed studies have been conducted on the mineralogy, geochemistry, and genesis of the Qebchaq deposit. In this paper, detailed geology, mineralogy, geochemistry, and alteration styles of the Qebchaq deposit to constrain its ore genesis are investigated. These results may have implications for the regional exploration of epithermal base and precious METAL deposits in the Western Alborz–Azerbaijan zone. Material and Methods  Detailed fieldwork has been carried out at different scales in the Qebchaq area. A total of 50 samples were collected from various parts of ore veins and breccias, host volcanic rocks, and intrusions. The samples were prepared for thin (n=8) and polished-thin (n=32) sections in the laboratory at the University of Zanjan, Zanjan, Iran. Thirty nine representative samples from the mineralized veins and breccias, 1 sample from host dacitic rocks, and 1 sample from altered quartz diorite-gabbro intrusion were analyzed for REE, Au, Ag, Cu, Pb, Zn, and other rare elements using Fire Assay and ICP–MS in the Zarazma Analytical Laboratories, Tehran, Iran. Results and DiscussionThe geological units hosting the Qebchaq deposit are mainly Eocene volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks that have been intruded by Oligocene intrusions. The Eocene sequence includes tuff, andesite, and andesitic basalt, rhyolite, rhyodacite-dacite, and ignimbrite. The intrusive rocks in the Qebchaq area include Oligocene quartz diorite-gabbro and granite-alkali granite. They show porphyritic, microgranular, and granular textures. MINERALIZATION at Qebchaq occurs as the epithermal base and precious METAL quartz-sulfide brecciated vein that occupies NE-trending faults in the Eocene volcanic rocks and Oligocene intrusions.  The ore veins are 50 to 1000 m long, from 0.5 to 4 m wide, and generally, dip steeply (65–85°) to the southeast and northwest. Wall-rock alterations developed at the Qebchaq deposit include silicification, intermediate argillic, carbonate, chlorite, and propylitic alteration. The first four types are closely related to MINERALIZATION. Five stages of MINERALIZATION can be distinguished at Qebchaq. Stage 1 is represented by silicification of host rocks along with minor disseminated pyrite. This stage is usually crosscut by stage 2. Stage 2 (the main ore-stage) is characterized by millimeters to several centimeters wide quartz veins and breccias that contain variable amounts of disseminated pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite ± native gold ± realgar. Clasts of this stage and associated wall-rock alteration have been recognized in the hydrothermal cement of stage 3 breccias. Stage 3 is marked by quartz- manganese oxides-hydroxides (psilomelane, pyrolusite, braunite) veins and breccia cement. It is usually crosscut stage 2 and is cut by stage 4 veinlets. Stage 4 is represented by < 1 mm wide quartz (calcite-chlorite) vein-veinlets. This stage usually crosscuts previous ore stages. No sulfide minerals are recognized in stage 4. Stage 5 is characterized by up to 2 mm wide veinlets or vug infill texture of calcite. Stage 5 calcite veinlets usually crosscut previous ore stages. The ore minerals at Qebchaq have been formed as vein-veinlet and hydrothermal breccia cement, and show disseminated, vein-veinlet, brecciated, comb, cockade, colloform, crustiform, plumose, and vug infill textures. Pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena, sphalerite, native gold, realgar, psilomelane, and pyrolusite are the main ore minerals. Malachite, azurite, smithsonite, cerussite, goethite, secondary pyrolusite, and braunite are supergene minerals. Quartz, sericite, chlorite, and calcite are present in the gangue minerals. Comparison of Chondrite–normalized rare elements and REE patterns of host dacitic lavas, fresh and altered quartz diorite-gabbro intrusion, and the mineralized samples at Qebchaq indicate that leaching of some elements from the host rock units may have been involved in MINERALIZATION. The data in this study suggest that Qebchaq is an example of intermediate-sulfidation type of epithermal base and precious METAL MINERALIZATION.

The Agh-Otagh MINERALIZATION area in the north of Takab, was formed within the andesistic tuffaceous rocks of the Oligo- Miocene age. MINERALIZATION include polyMETALlic (Cu-Pb-Zn-Au-Ag) quartz veins and silicified zones, which occurred as breccia and vein- veinlets with comb, cockade and disseminated textures. Chalcopyrite, pyrite, galena and sphalerite are common ore minerals. Alteration zones consist of silicification, sericitization, argillitic, propelitic and carbonatization. Cu-Au MINERALIZATION is associated with silicification and sericitization. Analytical results of the samples from the ore- bearing quartz veins and the silicified zones indicate that the highest grade for Au is 664 ppb (ave.181 ppb). The highest and the average grades for Ag, Cu, Pb, and Zn are 120 ppm (300 ppm), 1.3 % (0.38 %), 5.5 % (0.06 %) and 4.5 % (0.28 %), respectively. The investigations indicate that the Agh-Otagh MINERALIZATION was formed in four stages. In the first stage or the pre-MINERALIZATION stage, the host rock, as a result of hydrothermal process, underwent brecciation and some quartz veins and siliceous cap were formed. In the second stage or the MINERALIZATION stage the sulfide minerals formed within the quartz veins and silicification zones developed at the third stage, some unmineralized quartz, barite and carbonate vein- veinlets crosscut the previous stages. The last stage of MINERALIZATION related to supergene processes. Based on geological, mineralogical, alteration, structural and textural evidences, the Agh-Otagh base- precious METAL MINERALIZATION is similar to the medium sulfidation epithermal deposits.

Introduction: The Qoyjeh Yeylaq Pb-Zn (Ag) deposit located 120 km southeast of Zanjan, is situated in the Urumieh-Dokhtar magmatic arc. apart from Prior to this research no work has been published on Pb-Zn (Ag) MINERALIZATION at the Qoyjeh Yeylaq except for small scale geological maps of the area, i. e. 1: 250, 000 geological maps of Kabudar Ahang (Bolourchi and Hajian, 1979), 1: 100, 000 geological maps of Marzban (Majidifard and Shafei, 2006) and a number of unpublished Pb-Zn exploration reports. The present paper provides an overview of the geological framework, MINERALIZATION characteristics, and results of geochemistry study of the Qoyjeh Yeylaq deposit with application to ore genesis. Identification of these characteristics can be used as a model for exploration of this type of Pb-Zn (Ag) MINERALIZATION in this area and elsewhere...